Like Luguvalium, which lay within sight, Petriana housed a 1,000-strong cavalry regiment, the Ala Gallorum Petriana, the sole regiment of this size along the wall. It was the largest fort along the length of Hadrian's Wall and was completed in stone by around 130. A new fort, Petriana, was built at Carlisle in the Stanwix area of the city north of the river. In 122, the province was visited by Hadrian, who approved a plan to build a wall the length of the frontier. The 'Stanegate' frontier, which consisted of Luguvalium and several other forts in a line east to Corbridge, was proving a more stable frontier against the Picts than those established deeper into Caledonia. īy the early 2nd century, Carlisle was established as a prominent stronghold.
Īt this time the Roman fort was garrisoned by a 500-strong cavalry regiment, the Ala Gallorum Sebosiana. This is possibly indicated from the reconstruction of the fort at Carlisle in 83 using oak timbers from further afield, rather than local alder. Īs a result, it is likely that greater control was achieved at Carlisle over anti-imperial groups. In 79, the two Roman generals Gnaeus Julius Agricola and Quintus Petillius Cerialis advanced through Solway as they continued their campaign further north. General Gnaeus Julius Agricola advances through Carlisle in AD 79. This walled civitas, possibly the only one in northwest Britain, presumably served as the tribal centre of the Carvetii on the model of other such sites in Roman Britain. Protecting a strategic location overlooking the confluence of the Caldew and Eden rivers. Įxcavations undertaken along Annetwell Street in the 1970s dated the Roman timber fort constructed at the site of present Carlisle Castle to the winter of AD 73, The Roman settlement was named Luguvalium, based on a native name that has been reconstructed as Brittonic * Luguwaljon, " of Luguwalos", a masculine Celtic given name meaning "strength of Lugus". In the time of the emperor Nero, it was said to have burned down.
Īccording to Boethius and John of Fordun, Carlisle existed before the arrival of the Romans in Britain and was one of the strongest British towns at the time. The earliest recorded inhabitants were the Carvetii tribe of Britons who made up the main population of ancient Cumbria and North Lancashire. What is known of the ancient history of Carlisle is derived mainly from archaeological evidence and the works of the Roman historian Tacitus. It is home to the main campuses of the University of Cumbria and a variety of museums and heritage centres. Nicknamed the Great Border City, Carlisle today is the main cultural, commercial and industrial centre in the Borderlands. This, combined with its strategic position, allowed for the development of Carlisle as an important railway town, with seven railway companies sharing Carlisle railway station. The introduction of textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution began a process of socioeconomic transformation in Carlisle, which developed into a densely populated mill town. The town gained the status of a city, when its diocese was formed in 1133 and the priory became Carlisle Cathedral. In the early 12th century, Henry I allowed the foundation of a priory in Carlisle. The castle now houses the Duke of Lancaster's Regiment and the Border Regiment Museum. During the Middle Ages, because of its proximity to the Kingdom of Scotland, Carlisle became an important military stronghold Carlisle Castle, still relatively intact, was built in 1092 by William Rufus, and once served as a prison for Mary, Queen of Scots in 1568. The early history of Carlisle is marked by its status as a Roman settlement, established to serve the forts on Hadrian's Wall. Ten years later, at the 2011 census, the city's population had risen to 75,306, with 107,524 in the wider city. At the time of the 2001 census, the population of Carlisle was 71,773, with 100,734 living in the wider city. Carlisle is also in the historic county of Cumberland. It is the largest settlement in the county of Cumbria and serves as the administrative centre for both Carlisle City Council and Cumbria County Council. Carlisle is located 8 miles (13 km) south of the Scottish border at the confluence of the rivers Eden, Caldew and Petteril. Carlisle Cathedral, a cathedral since 1133Ĭarlisle ( / k ɑːr ˈ l aɪ l/ kar- LYLE, locally / ˈ k ɑːr l aɪ l/ KAR-lyle from Cumbric: Caer Luel Scots: Cairel, Cairl, Caeril Scottish Gaelic: Cathair Luail ) is a border city and the county town of Cumbria, as well as the administrative centre of the City of Carlisle district in North West England.
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